MATERNAL SERVICES
CHILD WELFARE SERVICES
- 1. Exclussive brest feeding
- 2. Effective child weaning practices
- 3. Immunization of infant children against value preventable diseases.
- 4. Growth monitor to health at risk children among others
VOLUNTARY CONFIDENTIAL HIV COUNSELLING AND TESTING
Why use this activity?
This activity explains what VCCT (voluntary counselling and HIV testing) is. It helps people to think about the issues involved in going for VCCT themselves, and encourages them to do so.
Who is this activity for?
The activity is designed to be used with small church and community groups (ideally around 10–30 people). Please be aware that this is a sensitive subject and that it may bring up strong feelings in the participants.
You will need
- plain paper
- scissors
30–40 minutes for the activity itself, in addition to the time needed for preparation.
Preparing for the activity
- Cut up enough small pieces of paper so that the people taking part in the activity have one each. Make half of them in the shape of a square and the other half in the shape of a triangle. Fold all of the pieces and put them in a box, bag or bowl.
- Find out what VCCT facilities are available locally, and what procedures they use for counselling and testing for HIV. If possible, obtain leaflets about the services they offer to give to your participants. You could also try to arrange for a counselor from a local VCCT centre to come and talk about VCCT and the services they offer. They may even be able to provide a counselling and testing service immediately after the session.
- Get tested yourself, if you have not already! When learning about VCCT, participants often ask the facilitator: ‘Have you been for VCCT yourself?’ If you can honestly say: ‘Yes, I have’, and talk about it based on your own personal experience, it will add credibility and impact to the session.
How to run this activity
Step 1
Discuss HIV testing issues and concerns
Clarify that an HIV test is the only way of knowing for sure whether or not you have the virus in your body.
Ask:
- What happens during VCCT?
- What do you need to think about before having the test?
- How would it feel if your test result was HIV-negative?
- How would it feel if your test result was HIV-positive?
- Who would you tell and how might they react?
- Who among you would decide not to go for a test?
Step 2
Imagine going for VCCTGet participants to imagine going through the VCCT process, describing it using your own words:
Explain: I would like you to relax and imagine you are now going for VCCT. You go for pre-test counselling, and then give a blood sample. The blood sample is tested and you are coming for the results. Your counselor invites you into the counselling room and asks you to sit down. The counselor asks if you still want to know your result.
Ask: ‘Is there is anybody who does not want to know their result?’ Ask them to put up their hand.
If anyone puts their hand up, ask them to move to join the group at the back who chose not to go for VCCT.
Step 3
Give ‘test results’Get each participant who says they want their test result to pick one of the folded pieces of paper.
Explain: Imagine the piece of paper you have picked represents your test result. Open it up. It is in the shape of either a square or a triangle. One means that your test result is HIV-positive, the other that your test result is HIV-negative. How would you feel if I told you that a square means an HIV-negative result, and a triangle means an HIV-positive result?
Ask: ‘Those whose test result is negative, how do you feel? Those whose test result is positive, how do you feel? What would you do next? Who would you tell?’
Then ask how people would feel if the results were reversed – that is, if a square meant an HIV-positive result and a triangle meant HIV-negative.
Include in the discussion those who ‘decided not to go for a test or who did not get their result.
Ask: ‘How do you feel now about not knowing your HIV status?
Step 4
Discuss where testing is offeredFind out from participants whether they know where VCCT is available in their area. Discuss what options might be available for participants to access VCCT. Give participants the name, location, opening times and cost of VCCT centres. Try also to provide details of centres in other towns outside the area, for people who want to be sure of confidentiality.
Step 5
VCCT counselor presents information, answers questions and – if available – offers testing (optional)If you have a counselor or representative from a local centre offering VCCT, ask them to describe the services offered and answer questions from participants. If mobile HIV testing and counselling services have been arranged, they can also explain how participants can use these services.
Going for voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCCT)
Why go for voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCCT)?
- If you are aware that you are living with HIV, there are many things you can do to stay healthy, live a long life and still achieve your goals and dreams.
- If you know you are living with HIV, you can enjoy sex while ensuring that you protect yourself from re-infection and protect others from getting infected.
- If you are expecting a child and know that you are HIV-positive, there are many things you can do to minimize the chance of HIV being transmitted to the child.
How does VCCT work?
Before going for an HIV test, either alone or with your partner, you spend time with a counselor. The counselor will help you think about your issues and concerns, and will ask you questions like:
- What will you do if the test shows you are living with HIV?
- What will you do if the test shows no sign of HIV?
- Are you sure that you want to go ahead with the test?
These discussions are confidential. The doctor and professional counselor should not tell anyone else about your test result or anything that you have said. Sharing the result is up to you.
The ‘window period’
There are different types of HIV test, which look for different signs of HIV being present in the body. After a person gets infected with HIV, it takes time for some of these signs to develop. Because of this, test results may give a ‘false negative’ for up to six months. A false negative is when a test result says that a person is not HIV-positive even though they actually are. The amount of time it takes for signs of HIV to show up in tests is called the ‘window period’. The length of the window period will depend on the person’s body and the type of test that is used. Your health worker can advise you about which test to use and when it will give an accurate result.
People are particularly infectious during the first three months after they get infected with HIV. However, because of the window period they may not know that they are HIV-positive. This means that people need to take precautions even if they think they do not have HIV, and get tested again after the window period.
As HIV tests improve, it is becoming possible to get an accurate test result more quickly.
PREVENTIVE SERVICES
IMMUNIZATION
Babies are born with protection against certain diseases because antibodies from their mothers were passed to them through the placenta. After birth, breastfed babies get the continued benefits of additional antibodies in breast milk. But in both cases, the protection is temporary. Immunization (vaccination) is a way of creating immunity to certain diseases by using small amounts of a killed or weakened microorganism that causes the particular disease. Microorganisms can be viruses (such as the measles virus) or they can be bacteria (such as pneumococcus). Vaccines stimulate the immune system to react as if there were a real infection — it fends off the "infection" and remembers the organism so that it can fight it quickly should it enter the body later.
Types of Vaccines
There are a few different types of vaccines. They include:
- BGG: To prevent tuberculosis.
- PENITA: To prevent, Dipthera
- MEASLES: To prevent measles infections
- PV: To prevent polomyetitus
- HEPATITIS B: Prevent hepatitis
Immunization is widely recognized as one of the most successful and cost-effective health interventions. It prevents between 2 and 3 million deaths every year and now protects children not only against diseases for which vaccines have been available for many years, such as diphtheria, tetanus, polio and measles, but also against diseases such as pneumonia and rota virus diarrhea, 2 of the biggest killers of children under 5. Now adolescents and adults can be protected against life-threatening diseases such as influenza, meningitis, and cancers (cervical and liver), thanks to new and sophisticated vaccines.
FAMILY PLANNING AND CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
Do not get confused on which method to use for your family planning or contraception. A comprehensive listing of available types of family planning and contraceptive methods in Nigeria with advantages, disadvantages and side effects of each method have been listed below to help you make an informed decision. Broadly family planning and contraceptive method in Nigeria have been divided into:
- Hormonal contraceptive
- Intrauterine Contraceptive methods
- Voluntary surgical Contraceptives
- Barrier Method of Contraceptive
- Natural Family Planning method
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
The following hormonal methods of family planning and contraception are commonly available in Nigeria:
- Combined oral contraceptives (COCs);
- Progestin-only contraceptive pills (POPs);
- Progestrine pills ( not common )
These methods of contraception are less commonly available in Nigeria:
- Combined injectable contraceptives (see Injectable Contraceptives below).
- Combined contraceptive (skin) patch (Evra),
- Combined vaginal contraceptive ring (NuvaRing), which releases a daily dose of hormone when the ring is placed high up in the vagina.
The site focuses primarily on the on family planning and contraceptive methods that are commonly available in Nigeria.
INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES (IUCD)
IUCD is a type of family planning method contraceptive method in which a flexible device is inserted into the through the virgina into the uterine cavity by a trained service provider. It is a safe highly effective and long lasting type of contraceptive method
There are two broad categories of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs):
- Copper-based IUCDs
- Hormone-releasing devices. IUCDs
VOLUNTARY SURGICAL CONTRACEPTION
Voluntary Surgical Contraception (VSC) type of family planning method includes female and male sterilization procedures41 that are intended to provide permanent contraception. As such, special care must be taken to assure that every client who chooses this method does so voluntarily and is fully informed about the permanence of this method and the availability of alternative, long-acting, highly effective methods.
- Tubal ligation
- Vasectomy
BARRIER METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
Barrier family planning and contraceptive methods prevent the sperm from gaining access to the upper reproductive tract (high up in the vargina) and making contact with the egg. These methods include
- male and female condoms,
- Spermicides
- Diaphragms
- Cervical caps
NATURAL METHOD;
It is called natural because it does not involve use of drug or device it is purely natural the following are the available natural family planning method
It is called natural because it does not involve use of drug or device it is purely natural the following are the available natural family planning method
- Withdrawal method (coitus interrupters)
- Safe period (rhythm method)
- Breastfeeding amenorrhea method
- Cervical mucus membrane
- Basal body temperature (BBT) method
- Symto thermal method.
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